Research

This review assesses the evidence linking vitamin D and adverse non-bone health outcomes in the pregnant woman including pre-eclampsia, gestational diabetes, obstructed labour or Caesarean (C)-section and infectious disease; the fetus on gestational duration; and the offspring on developmental programming of type 1 diabetes, inflammatory and atopic disorders and schizo-phrenia.

Long-term CoQ10 treatment of patients with chronic HF is safe, improves symptoms, and reduces major adverse cardiovascular events, as determined by a time to first event analysis.

Ashwagandha supplementation, due to adaptogenic qualities, appears promising in addressing stress and stress-related disorders, as well as enhancing overall well-being.

Ashwagandha appears to be a sports medicine with positive effects on muscle strength, endurance, and recovery from damage caused by intense training in athletes and bodybuilders.

Ashwagandha root extract supplementation improves muscle recovery and serum testosterone levels in adults undergoing resistance training, and these were statistically insignificant in the Ashwagandha group.

Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) is a traditional adaptogenic herb widely used in Ayurveda - traditional Indian medicine and its effects are attributed to adaptogenic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory properties, and modulation of hormonal responses.

A literature review was conducted using databases such as PubMed and Google Scholar, including studies from 2012 to 2025 that examined the effects of Ashwagandha supplementation in physically active individuals.

This review explores the botanical description, Lionhabitat, and composition of Lion's Mane, describing active compounds such as erinacines and hericenones, and its historical significance in Chinese and Japanese medicine.

It is suggested that DT-diaphorase plays a neuroprotective role in dopaminergic neu-rons, which is supported by the following observations: Cu-toxicity is dependent on DT-dia-phorase inhibition with dicoumarol in RCSN-3 cells derived from the rat substantia nigra.

The results indicate that Hachimi-jio-gan is a prospective therapeutic agent against the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy and major components of the Corni Fructus, morroniside and 7- O -Galloyl- D -sedoheptulose are considered to be important contributors to prevent and/or delay the onset of kidney damage caused by diabetes.

BPC-157 demonstrates broad protective and regenerative effects with potential relevance to neurological and psychiatric disorders, however, well-designed clinical trials are required to confirm its efficacy, elucidate mechanisms, and establish optimal dosing strategies.

The observed elevations in immune markers and decreased H19 methylation in OAT patients suggest probable roles for immune dysfunction and epigenetic alterations in OAT pathogenesis and indicate the potential of these markers as diagnostic indicators for male infertility assessment.

Biochemical and pharrnacological evidence supports the notion that GHRP-6 and the nonpeptide growth hormone secretagogs (GHSs) act through the same receptor.

In conclusion, men with RLS had a higher risk of ED, and the magnitude of the risk increased with a higher frequency of RLS symptoms, and Combinations of other sleep disorders with RLS further increased the risk of ED.

The results support the conclusion that filamentousMyosin is not required for force generation and provide a further perspective on the structural requirements for myosin function and find a striking conservation of intron/exon structure between this gene and a vertebrate muscle myOSin gene.

Data demonstrate that the in vivo activation of lymphocytes results in a marked increase in their rate of protein synthesis, which is likely to have a significant influence on whole-body protein metabolism.

Cr supplementation before and after β-amyloid injection into the CA1 area of hippocampus deteriorates the learning and memory impairment of rats and it does not protect neuronal apoptosis caused by β-amyloid.

The long-lasting effects of prenatal MA exposure on learning and memory impairments in adolescent and adult mice were showed, which resulted from the disruptions of hippocampal neuronal growth and synaptogenesis in the developing brain.

This study did not find beneficial the use of a single-dose of omega-3 PUFAs for improvements in exercise efficiency or endurance performance in trained cyclists.

The incidence of sexual dysfunction is higher in heart recipients than in the general population and erectile dysfunction is the most common, but it is associated with the type of immunosuppression used, the level of sexual activity and the state of health of patients prior to transplantation.

The EtB induced learning and memory impairment; however, NEP dose-dependently restored these impairments to normal levels and counterbalanced all the alterations mentioned above in comparison to the sham groups.

This preliminary evaluation suggests the potential for bremelanotide to positively affect desire and arousal in women with female sexual arousal disorder and indicates that breMelanotide is a promising candidate for further evaluation in an at-home study.

The results obtained support the role of the vitamin D endocrine system as a regulator of the immune response and thus may contribute to explaining certain aspects of the immune dysfunction reported in individuals with vitamin D insufficiency.

This chapter explains the complex relationships among serum vitamin D levels, genetic variations, and immune regulation in autoimmune disorders and underscores the importance of further research to clarify the underlying molecular mechanisms and develop tailored therapeutic strategies.

Results indicate that intraperitoneal naringin, especially at 100–200 mg/kg, exerts significant protective effects against testicular I/R injury and may warrant further investigation as a potential adjunctive therapy in the clinical management of testicular torsion.

There is a strong consensus on FP methods and the importance of early counseling, however, further high-quality research is necessary to strengthen the evidence base and improve guideline recommendations for fertility in people with cancer.

The findings highlight the clinical value of epigenetic sperm assessment as part of male fertility evaluation and support its potential to guide more effective, personalized fertility treatment pathways.

Though polypharmacy was associated with higher raw frequencies of adverse outcomes, statistical testing did not confirm a significant relationship and the importance of individualized cardiovascular risk assessment in TC users, particularly in older and complex patients receiving testosterone therapy is emphasized.

This review integrates current mechanistic insights with orthopaedic relevance, emphasizing safety, efficacy, and future directions for responsible integration into musculoskeletal care.

While peptide therapy may possess significant therapeutic and regenerative potential, it is critical that orthopaedic and sports medicine providers understand the current lack of evidence to support the clinical use of these peptides.